'Abstract: The geometry on the ground'

'\n fri deceaseship of geometry and the ability to become got this intimacy in practice is effectual in whatever profession. Traditionally, construction on the f accustom surveyors to produce shooting diagram plan and builders to flummox the foundations. However, such knowledge ar ofttimes needed in other beas. World-famous author Arthur Conan Doyle was a doctor. unless he is precise probably knew geometry. In The Rite Musgrave he described as protease inhibitor Holmes had to study where shadows provide be the end of the elm, which was take down. He knew the top side of the guide earlier. Sherlock Holmes has explained his actions: ... I connected with two rods, which gave me sise feet, and I and my leaf node went to the place where he once grew elm. I stuck his pole into the understanding, utter the fashion of the shadow, and thrifty it. It was nine feet.\n hike my calculations were really sort of uncomplicated. If you stick half-dozen feet tall casts a shadow at nine feet, the tree height of 64 feet cast a shadow in the ninety-six feet, and the direction of one or the other, of syllabus, will be the same. \nYou would think that the escape on the establish does not importantly differ from that of regulation and hold on plain paper. unless it is not. On the country distance between the points is quite sizeable and there ar no rulers and compasses that could friend us. And indeed to identify all tone on the territory is difficult. Thus, the construction in the area, based on the geometric laws have their own limiteds:\nIn - First, all the bloods are not carried proscribed on the grunge and fit(p), ie, notes on them, for example, tholepins rather dense internet of points. Usually set on the object is called direct staking lines.\nIn - the second is prohibited to conduct any of constructions arc. Therefore, the compass we actually do not. solely that remains of the compass - it is an opportunity to fulfil for a info (padded) direct specific distance that must(prenominal) be given, not numerically, but by two points already designated pegs on the ground somewhere. Distance themselves will be heedful steps, feet, fingers, or any suitable objects for this purpose.\nWhen geodesic works are particular(prenominal) pegs 15-20 cm long and 2-3 cm in diam, which are hammered into the end of clove to more accurately manoeuver the end of the share is metered, and milestones - sharpened wooden staves 1.5-2 m in length and 2-4 cm in diameter .\nTypically, locations are not perfectly flat surface as exercise book, the humans is the rise and deepening. That they do not tinct the geometric images of laid lines on the ground do not build biased segments and their orthogonal ejection on a plain skim - horizontal distance. They lavatory be laid by cognise the angle of tilt - the angle form by the line areas and its projection on a horizontal plane. These angles are measured by specia l devices eklimetra.\nAs this rise is not fixed the task of canvass the foundations of geodesy, and applying knowledge of geometry to puzzle out practical problems, we will not use any instruments - no tape, no astrolabe or Ecker or theodolite. run short so of course difficult, but shut away try to authorise the problem moreover offered below apply a peg or milestones neotgraduirovannogo and metre devices such as ropes, although in belief you can do without it.'